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| Developer(s) | Cycling '74 |
|---|---|
| Stable release | |
| Written in | C, C++ (on JUCE platform) |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows, macOS |
| Type | Music and multimedia development |
| License | Proprietary |
| Website | cycling74.com/products/max/ |
| Cycling '74 Max 7 | |
| Paradigm | visual, flow-based, declarative, domain-specific |
|---|---|
| Developer | Cycling '74 |
| Stable release | |
| Website | cycling74.com/products/max/ |
Max, also known as Max/MSP/Jitter, is a visual programming language for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling '74. Over its more than thirty-year history, it has been used by composers, performers, software designers, researchers, and artists to create recordings, performances, and installations.[1]
The Max program is modular, with most routines existing as shared libraries. An application programming interface (API) allows third-party development of new routines (named external objects). Thus, Max has a large user base of programmers unaffiliated with Cycling '74 who enhance the software with commercial and non-commercial extensions to the program. Because of this extensible design, which simultaneously represents both the program's structure and its graphical user interface (GUI), Max has been described as the lingua franca for developing interactive music performance software.[2]
History[edit]
1980s:Miller Puckette began work on Max in 1985, at the Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM) in Paris.[3][4] Originally called The Patcher, this first version provided composers with a graphical interface for creating interactive computer music scores on the Macintosh. At this point in its development Max couldn't perform its own real-time sound synthesis in software, but instead sent control messages to external hardware synthesizers and samplers using MIDI or a similar protocol.[5] Its earliest widely recognized use in composition was for Pluton, a 1988 piano and computer piece by Philippe Manoury; the software synchronized a computer to a piano and controlled a Sogitec 4X for audio processing.[6]
In 1989, IRCAM developed Max/FTS ('Faster Than Sound'), a version of Max ported to the IRCAM Signal Processing Workstation (ISPW) for the NeXT. Also known as 'Audio Max', it would prove a forerunner to Max's MSP audio extensions, adding the ability to do real-time synthesis using an internal hardware digital signal processor (DSP) board.[7][8] The same year, IRCAM licensed the software to Opcode Systems.[9]
1990s:Opcode launched a commercial version named Max in 1990, developed and extended by David Zicarelli. However, by 1997, Opcode was considering cancelling it. Instead, Zicarelli acquired the publishing rights and founded a new company, Cycling '74, to continue commercial development.[10][11][12] The timing was fortunate, as Opcode was acquired by Gibson Guitar in 1998 and ended operations in 1999.[13]
IRCAM's in-house Max development was also winding down; the last version produced there was jMax, a direct descendant of Max/FTS developed in 1998 for Silicon Graphics (SGI) and later for Linux systems. It used Java for its graphical interface and C for its real-time backend, and was eventually released as open-source software.
Meanwhile, Puckette had independently released a fully redesigned open-source composition tool named Pure Data (Pd) in 1996, which, despite some underlying engineering differences from the IRCAM versions, continued in the same tradition. Cycling '74's first Max release, in 1997, was derived partly from Puckette's work on Pure Data. Called Max/MSP ('Max Signal Processing', or the initials Miller Smith Puckette), it remains the most notable of Max's many extensions and incarnations: it made Max capable of manipulating real-time digital audio signals without dedicated DSP hardware. This meant that composers could now create their own complex synthesizers and effects processors using only a general-purpose computer like the Macintosh PowerBook G3. Mac update stuck on installing.
In 1999, the Netochka Nezvanova collective released NATO.0+55+3d, a suite of externals that added extensive real-time video control to Max.
2000s:Though NATO.0+55+3d became increasingly popular among multimedia artists, its development stopped abruptly in 2001. SoftVNS, another set of extensions for visual processing in Max, was released in 2002 by Canadian media artist David Rokeby. Cycling '74 released their own set of video extensions, Jitter, alongside Max 4 in 2003, adding real-time video, OpenGL graphics, and matrix processing capabilities. Max 4 was also the first version to run on Windows. Max 5, released in 2008, redesigned the patching GUI for the first time in Max's commercial history.
2010s:In 2011, Max 6 added a new audio engine compatible with 64-bit operating systems, integration with Ableton Live sequencer software, and an extension called Gen, which can compile optimized Max patches for higher performance.[14] Max 7 was released in 2014 and focused on 3D rendering improvements.[15]
On June 6, 2017, Ableton announced its purchase of Cycling '74, with Max continuing to be published by Cycling '74 and David Zicarelli remaining with the company.[16]
On September 25, 2018 Max 8, the most recent major version of the software, was released.[17] Some of the new features include MC, a new way to work with multiple channels, JavaScript support with Node for Max, and Vizzie 2.[18]
Language[edit]
Max is named after composer Max Mathews, and can be considered a descendant of his MUSIC language, though its graphical nature disguises that fact. Like most MUSIC-N languages, Max distinguishes between two levels of time: that of an event scheduler, and that of the DSP (this corresponds to the distinction between k-rate and a-rate processes in Csound, and control rate vs. audio rate in SuperCollider).
Mac osx 2d animation software. Advanced code wizard allows you to add actions to events using the HTML5 canvas. You can also use presets for managing the speed of your animations. The Animation Timeline is more powerful than ever.
The basic language of Max and its sibling programs is that of a. Hopes&Fears. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
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With time old programming languages become obsolete while new programming languages are launched, but they never gain traction. A common question amongst beginners (and coders alike) is the programming language they should invest learning in, that is in demand, stable outlook, and plenty of jobs.
Here, is a list of top 10 languages that you should learn -
1) Python
Created: Python language developed by Guido van Rossum. It was first released in 1991.
Pros:
- Supports multiple systems and platforms
- Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) driven.
- Helps to improve Programmer's Productivity
- Allows you to scale even the most complex applications with ease
- Extensive Support Libraries
Cons:
- Note ideal for Mobile Computing
- Python's database access layer is bit underdeveloped and primitive.
Usage/Application: Web and Internet Development, Scientific and Numeric applications, Desktop GUIs, Business applications. It is widely used in AI and Machine Learning space.
Salary: An average salary for any Python developer in United State is $114,383 per year.
Learning Difficulty: Easy
Reason Selected: Machine Learning, AI, and Data Science are emerging fields and Python is a staple programming language in such software programs.
2) Java
Created: James Gosling primarily designed Java at Sun Microsystems in the year 1996
Pro.
- Object- Oriented language
- Java offers APIs for different activities like Database connection, networking, XML parsing, utilities, etc.
- Powerful open source Rapid Development tools
- A large number of open source libraries
Cons.
- Memory management in Java is quite expensive
- The absence of templates can limit you to create high-quality data structures.
Usage/Application: Java mostly used for developing Android apps, web apps, and Big data.
Salary: An average salary for any Java developer in United State is $101,013 per year.
Learning difficulty: Learning Java is simple and easy.
Reason Selected: Java has wide and growing adoption. There is and will never be a shortage of jobs requiring Java Skills.
3) R
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Created: R was designed by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka at the University of Auckland. This project was conceived in 1992, but it's initial version released in 1995 and a stable beta version in 2000.
Pros:
- R is a comprehensive statistical analysis language which encourages you to develop new ideas
- As a statistical language which is considered to be very easy to code
- R is open-source software. Therefore, anyone can use and change it
- R is good for GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows.
- R is cross-platform which means it can seamlessly run on different operating systems.
Cons:
- In R, quality of some packages is not up to the mark
- R does not have the best memory management. Therefore, it may consume all available memory.
Usage/Application: Data Science projects, Statistical computing, Machine learning
Salary: An average wage for any R developer ranges from approximately $90,042 to $136,616 per year
Learning Difficulty: Hard
Reason Selected: Data Sciences is a booming field and R is primarily used for Data Analysis.
4) Javascript
Created: JavaScript was earlier called LiveScript when it first shipped in with Netscape Navigator 2.0 in September 1995. Later, it was renamed as a JavaScript.
Pros:
- Client-side JavaScript is very fast as it can be run quickly in the client-side browser
- JavaScript is relatively simple to learn.
- It can work smoothly with other languages and can be used in a huge variety of applications.
- Grease monkey support to write snippets of JavaScript which can execute on specific web pages
Cons:
- JavaScript only allows single inheritance, so multiple inheritances are not possible
- No copy or equal method is available in JavaScript.
- JavaScript interpreted differently by different browsers.
Usage/ Applications: JavaScript usage include web/mobile app development, game development, and desktop app development.
Salary: An average wage for Javascript developer in the United States is around $110,981 per year
Learning Difficulty: Easy
Reason Selected: With NodeJS JavaScript now supports Server-Side Scripting as well. JavaScript is an indispensable language there will always be a need for JS skills.
5) Swift
Created: Swift was developed by Apple in July 2010 so that iOS developers do not need to work with Objective-C.
Pros:
- The Swift program codes are near to natural English, so it is easy to read
- Easy to add new features to this language which makes swift high- level language
- The language does not have long code line.
- Automatic Memory Management feature prevents the memory leaks.
Cons:
- With the continues updating of swift versions of Apple, Swift is somewhat unstable
- As it is a new programming language the pool of Swift developers is very limited
Usage applications:
Swift is specially designed language which works with Apple's Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks to create all types of iOS apps.
Salary: An average salary for iOS developer in the United States is around $130,801 per year
Learning difficulty: Easy
Reason Selected: Apple! Should we say more?
6) C++
Created:
C++ is a programming language that was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983.
Pros:
- It is a popular language, and thus, there are many compilers and libraries
- Other programming languages like C, C#, and Java have very similar syntax to C++, make it easy to learn for everyone who knows C++.
- No garbage collector is running in the background.
Cons
- The syntax is complex, and the standard library is small, making this language very difficult to learn for the beginner programmer.
- C++ program can't support garbage collection or Dynamic Memory Allocation
- The object orientation system in C++ is unnecessarily basic compared to other languages.
Usage applications: C++ is widely used in Game Development, Advance Computations, and Graphics Compilers
Salary:
The average salary of C++ developers in the United States is $113,865 per year.
Learning Difficulty: Hard
Reason Selected: C++ is robust language and is widely used in diverse fields. Will never go out of fashion
7) C#
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Year Created:
C# is a computer programming language. It's the first version released in 2001.
Pros:
- C# uses almost similar syntax which follows by C so it easy to understand for those who know C language
- Easy Integration with Windows
- Fully integrated with the .NET library which provides access to a repository of functionality and support.
- Safer than its namesakes (C/++) as pointer types are not permitted
Cons:
- It allows pointers in 'unsafe' blocks
Usage applications: Widely used in Enterprise Cross-Applications Development, Web Applications
Salary:
The average salary for 'C# developer' ranges from $66,493 per year to $101,775 per year
Learning Difficulty: Hard
Reason Selected: Widely used in Enterprise software and the skill is in demand.
8) PHP
Year Created:
Rasmus Lerdorf created PHP in 1994
Pros:
- Running with PHP is simple
- Functional and Object-Oriented Programming
- Large Open Source Software Community
- A reasonably good system of automation tools available for testing and deploying
Cons:
- Error handling facility is poor as PHP lacks debugging tool
- PHP is not secure as it is one of the open source languages
- Developing a website with PHP Web Development is slower than other programming languages.
Usage applications: Web Applications, Content Management Systems, eCommerce Applications
Salary:
The average salary for a PHP Developer in the US is $84,727 per year
Learning Difficulty: Easy
Reason Selected: Most popular scripting language. WordPress, Facebook all created using PHP. Never a shortage of PHP jobs.
9) SQL
Created: SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce. This language was made available publicly in 1979.
Pros:
- Powerful query language
- Optimised for large numbers of table rows
- Fast for searching and querying of data
- High availability and consistency of data
- Fast for retrieving data from multiple tables
Cons:
- Difficult to convert data from Objects into database tables
- It can only run on the single server, so increasing speed means upgrading hardware.
- As SQL databases run on a single server so in case if the server stop working, then the database shouldn't be accessed
Usage applications: Used in Any Database
Salary: The average salary earned by SQL Developer is $84,792 per year in the United States
Learning Difficulty: Easy
Reason Selected: You need to know database and SQL irrespective of what profile/language chose as a software developer.
10) Go
Created: Go language which is also known as golang is developed at Google in 2009 by Robert Griesemer, Ken Thompson, and Rob Pike.
Pros:
- Go is a really fast language as it is compiled to machine code
- Its syntax is small compared to other languages, and it's easy to learn.
- Offers standard library to provide handy built-in functions for working with primitive types
- Go makes concurrent programming easy.
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Cons:
- Poor Library Support
- Interfaces Are Implicit
- Fractured Dependency Management
Usage applications: Console utilities, GUI applications, and web applications
Salary:
The average salary earned by GO Developer is $94,082 per year in the United States
Learning Difficulty: Difficult
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Reason Selected: Upcoming language from Google.